Population Genetic History Of The Indian Peninsula Endowed...

Population genetic history of the Indian peninsula endowed with heterogenous complexity has received a huge attention worldwide. The incessant waves of migration of people from ancient to present time and from various directions across the world have significantly contributed in India being a genetic melting pot. The earliest inhabitant being the Austro- Asatic people around 60,000 years ago from Africa, entered India through western corridor(Nei and Ota 1991; Majumder 2001) or they have migrated from China into India through northeastern corridor (Gadgil et al 1998; Diamond 1997) followed by the arrival of Dravidian speakers around 3000 BCE from ancient Caspian civilization originated in East Africa (Lahovary N 1963, Winters CA 1985) and Tibeto-Burman speakers from South West China or North West China and southeast Asia around 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The last major migration is believed to have occurred around 1500 BCE by Indo-European speakers in consecutive waves over a long pe riod of time (Kashyap et al., 2006). Northeast India comprising the contiguous seven states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura are thought to be an important corridor for human migrations. Flanked on the north by the Eastern Himalayas (Patkai-Naga Hills and Lushai Hills) and in the south by the Bay of Bengal, constitutes a distinctive narrow passageway that connects the Indian subcontinent to East Asia and Southeast Asia (Sharma 1984). It is the

Romantic Love Causes Several Characters to Behave Foolishly in the Twelfth Night - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1424 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Twelfth Night Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Alyssa To Ms. DeBartolo English 3U Nov 14, 2018 TOPIC: Romantic love causes several characters to behave foolishly in the Twelfth Night. Explore 3 examples of foolish behavior brought on by romantic love. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Romantic Love Causes Several Characters to Behave Foolishly in the Twelfth Night" essay for you Create order TWELFTH NIGHT Love represents a universal feeling, love intentionally causes pain, love is mad, foolish and love is typically a cause of suffering. In William Shakespeares successful comedy, Twelfth Night, every unique character in the story experiences the specific form and feeling of love. They are blind for love and their hearts fool their minds. At the first place, the Duke of Illyria who is Orsino instantly falls in love with Olivia, a wealthy countess at first sight. However, Olivia is in mourning for her dead brother for the next seven years. Therefore, she refuses Orsinos love multiple times but he nevertheless trying to cultivate her. However, she rejects his passionate love all the time. Even though Orsino cannot receive Olivias love, he still loves her as much as he can. For instance, when he knows by heart that Olivia is in mourning for her beloved brother, Orsino indeed want to kill all of the emotions inside her except for loving him. This fact is accurately shown when Orsino says thoughtfully that, Oh if she loves her brother this much, think how shell love me when I finally win her over and make her forget all her other attachments! Her mind and heart will be ruled by one man alone†me! Take me to the garden. I need a beautiful place to sit and think about love (Act 1, Scene 1). He constantly desires her to be happy and hopes that one day she will discover and accept his love. Besides, he also sends his loyal servant Cesario, to send the love letter to Olivia and politely tell her how deep is his sincere love for her. Even when he knows his love may be rejecting the next time, but he tries finding many different ways to make her love him. One more remarkable thing that shows Orsinos foolishness when he is in love is when Olivia calls Cesario husband. At the time, he gets exasperated and thinks that Cesario is properly a liar, forsaken him to have Olivia as a lifelong lover. In addition, he merely wants to kill Cesario and the dear one he appreciates who is Olivia because of love and jealousy. Furthermore, he thinks Cesario captures his place in Olivias heart. His anger is shown when he said: Maybe I should act like the Egyptian thief who kills the woman he loves before he dies? That kind of savage jealousy sometimes seems noble. But listen to me. Since you keep denying the love, I feel for you, and since I know whos stealing my place in your heart, you can go on being cold-hearted, but Im going to take this boy from you. He knows his master loves you. Im doing this, even though hes dear to me because I know you love him. Come with me, boy. Im ready to do something extreme. Ill sacrifice this boy I care for, just to spite a beautiful woman with a heart of stone (Act 5, Scene 1). At the start, in his mind, love is beautiful and so restless. On the other hand, the unrequited love brings him obsession and madness. Just as Orsino, Olivia is also in love at the first sight with Orsinos servant. The specific reason is she is in mourning for her dead brother, she announces everyone that no one can see her for the next seven years. Incidentally, she ignores her speech until she meets Cesario. While talking with Cesario, she allows him to see her face and starts to have some feeling for him. After talking, she politely asks Cesario to be back to talk to her next time. In addition, she gives Malvolio a ring and informs him to deliver it to Cesario which stands for a token of love. To put it another way, she says, Run after that obnoxious messenger, the dukes servant. He insisted on leaving this ring with me whether I wanted it or not. Tell him I want nothing to do with it. (she hands him a ring) Ask him not to encourage Orsino or to get his hopes up. Im not for him. If that young man comes here again tomorrow, Ill tell him why. Hurry, Malvolio(Act 1, Scene 5). Unfortunately, Cesario does not want to receive the ring, he tells him to give it back to Olivia because the ring is not his. In fact, that seems to represent the first rejection of Olivias love and it naturally causes Olivia to act foolishly. Not only that, there is one time that she confesses her love to Cesario, but he continues to reject her love. Cesario explains she should love his master, Orsino experiences a deep love for her by saying that, Madam, Ive come here to try to make you like him (Act 3, Scene 1). After that, Cesario tells her that he does not love her and no woman can have his heart. Instead of stops loving him, Olivia is trying to have his heart because she believes that Orsino is the reason that Cesario does not dare to love her. She is hopelessly in love, her love becomes blindness when she quickly marries Sebastian, who she has mistaken for Cesario. After begging Sebastian to marry her, she calls a priest to witness their marriage by saying that, Then lead the way, father. I want the skies bright and shining to show its approval of our wedding(Act 4, Scene 3). To sum up, Olivia falls in love easily and quickly, because of that she cannot realize the one she loves and makes a mistake by married a wrong one. One more example about foolish through love is Malvolio, the household servant of Olivia. He loves nobody, but himself; he is confident and always thinks he is more admirable than everyone. As a result, people hate that personality of him and everyone in the house reasonably wants to make a joke to prank him. After some discussion, a love letter is dropped on the path to the garden which has been written by Maria. At that moment, Malvolio reads it and instantly starts to think Olivia sends this love letter to him. From that, he starts acting foolishly, and he believes he can win Olivias heart by those idiot behaviors. A self-loving like Malvolio believes he can have the power all over the servant and even Sir Toby. Also, he thinks he will get rid of his lower-class friends, insults Sir Toby and be a perfect man for Olivia. The next day, he starts following what the letter requires, he wears a yellow stocking and the crisscross laces on his leg. Thus, he comes and talks to Olivia which he trusts he can please his special master when he said, Sad, my lady! I could be sad if I wanted to be. These crisscrossing laces do cut off the circulation in my legs a bit, but who cares? As the sonnet says, If you please one special person, you please everyone who matters (Act 3, Scene 4). She thinks he is mad because of his strange actions, and he is talking nonsense. While Olivia is talking, he just smiles and kisses his hand which is completely insane. As a matter of fact, he is locked in the darkroom because of his madness. However, he still believes his master will help him out of that place because she loves him. The fact is shown when he asks Feste, Be a nice fool and help me find a candle and some pape r. I tell you, Im as sane as any man in Illyria (Act 4, Scene 2). He asks Feste to bring those things, so he can write a letter to ask for help from Olivia because he still believes Olivia is deeply in love with him. In a final analysis, love and his ambition cause many consequences for him. Love drives people crazy and Malvolio is also a victim of love who acts foolishly throughout the play. Love is a hurtful experience, and an unrequited love is more painful than ever. Even when the play Twelfth Night has a happy ending but those characters have an unrequited love and they can not have the one they desire at first. Their unconditional love causing suffering for themselves and also causes them to behave foolishly when they are falling in love. (Shakespeare, William, and Alan Durband. Twelfth Night. Oxford University Press, 2014.)

Illegal Immigration (Controversial Essay) - 1956 Words

â€Å"A nation penetrated every year by some 300,000 illegal aliens†¦is not a nation experiencing ‘immigration.’ It is a nation experiencing invasion.† (Haerens 109). For centuries, our nation has been a safe haven for people of different cultures and nationalities to inhabit. Since the beginning of America as we know it, our society has been considered a â€Å"melting pot† for all ethical backgrounds. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Europeans flocked to the â€Å"New World† in hopes of a more prosperous life. Since then, immigration to the United States has exponentially increased. During the times of the California Gold Rush in the 1800’s, and Ellis island in the early 1900’s, an even larger mass of migrants bombarded into our†¦show more content†¦In a recent article by David Seminara, he stated that you merely â€Å"†¦mention the words ‘illegal immigrant’, and most Americans conjure images of desperate migrants sneaking across the Mexican border.† However, according to a 2006 Pew Hispanic Center study, nearly half of America’s twelve million illegals arrived with temporary, legal visas. Although it is a rough estimate, the Department of Homeland Security predicts that 27 to 57 percent of illegals are â€Å"overstays†, meaning their visa has expired but they have not yet returned home (Seminara). There are numerous problems that arise from illegal immigration, including manipulation of America’s social benefit systems, lack of jobs for actual citizens, decreasing wages, and national security threats. Peter Brimelow writes: When illegal immigrants claiming the earned income tax credit are found to have fraudulent Social Security Numbers, the IRS issues them temporary numbers and sends them checks anyway (64). In other words, they are taking from the system, but not giving back into it. Our economy functions on a â€Å"take a penny, l eave a penny† foundation. When pennies are taken, but not given back, they will merely run out (Currie 45). Our benefit policies may be virtually drained if we continue on this course. Our resources are being taken advantage of. In 1990, food stamps were issued to 6.5% of native households, and 9.2% of immigrantShow MoreRelatedThe Myths About Immigration By David Cole865 Words   |  4 Pageschapter twenty four, Immigration: What is to be done? Throughout this chapter multiple authors argue their opinion of immigration in the United States. There is much to learn about this topic because it is extremely controversial in today’s society. 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Management process Free Essays

If you are a company Like DATA or BARILLA, you will have several businesses under you ND a corporate WHQL which controls these. Each of these businesses may be run by an independent co. , much like DATA motor runs the vehicles and TTS runs the IT. We will write a custom essay sample on Management process or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Corporate WHQL will have grand plans on how much each business should operate. This grand plan is called Corporate Strategy. Business Strategy For Example, Raja can make a grand plan of expanding his business decisions to be the provider of low cost furniture or highly differentiated furniture,house hold furniture only,modular furniture only, a supplier of a II furniture needs etc. ,. TLS Is what a business strategy Is. Functional Strategy. If your in a retail chain business like Big Bazaar, you may have merchandise strategy supply strategy etc. ,. Similarly Raja too can have a strategy to purchase wood in bulk from Malaysia and ship it and call it has procurement strategy. Define the term ‘management’. Explain the Behavioral science theory and Systems theory. According to F. W Taylor,† Management Is an art of knowing what to do,when to do and see that It Is done In the best and cheapest way. ‘ Behavioral Science Theory. The thought was originated by vilified Parent In 1896, and he researched organization management relationship. Later, Hugo Mustering applied psychology to increase industrial production in 1912 around the same time. Walter 1911 . But it was Elton Mayo F. J Rotisseries who made an impact on the behavioral science theory through their Hawthorne experiments in Western Electric Co. , in 1933. These experiments proved that good working relationship with the supervisor and colleagues and the idea of challenges in the Job accounted for higher productivity. Challenge is created through setting high goal which cannot be normally achieved but which can be achieved with a little additional effort. These experiments brought to fore the importance of behavioral science in management. Extending the idea sometime in 1946 1947, Max Weber propounded the theory of bureaucracy. System Theory: Though the systems theory can be traced to biology, where we have cardiovascular system, nervous system, etc which re fairly independent yet interdependent, it was Chester Bernard who extended this into management area through his writing ‘Functions of the Executive’ in 1983. In systems theory, we perceive that organizations have a number of fairly independent systems such as purchase system, operations system, marketing system,financial system. Etc. The working of these are interdependent. But it has to be integrated by the manager. This theory, perhaps, brings the idea of integration as a key component of management. Give the definition and importance of planning in an organization and explain the steps in planning. Definition Planning: Planning can be defined as a basic management function which enables one to select the purpose of the business, and how the resources should be mustered to achieve that purpose to include using the available resources optimally to do that. Planning implies goal setting for the organization keeping in mind the constraints, opportunities, and threats as much as what the person robustness which is planning ants to do. Thus, a plants a blue print for goal achievement, as blue print that specifies the necessary resource allocations, schedules, tasks other actions to achieve the purposes. Steps in Planning: 1. Being aware of opportunities 2. Establishing Objectives 3. Developing Premises 4. Determining alternative courses 5. Evaluating Alternative courses 6. Selecting a course 7. Formulating plans 8. Qualifying plans by Budgeting Explanation of the steps in Planning 1. Being aware of opportunities- Being aware of opportunities in the market w. R. T Establishing Objectives- 3. How to cite Management process, Essays Management process Free Essays First, Sam must establish standards, or a set of ‘requirements’ for his business. Sam is working on the first step, establishing standards to measure performance. Sam wants to make $100,000 more this year that he did last year so he can replace older equipment In the repair shop. We will write a custom essay sample on Management process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Raising the price of repairs can do this. This is a financial goal. It is important not to take customers for granted. A goal to increase customer satisfaction from 84% last year to 90% this year Is set. Customer service satisfaction must Increase by six percent this year. This Is a customer service-related goal. Sam sets a goal to increase the quota, or a goal set for production, for the amount of cars each mechanic must repair each week. This is a production goal. With all of the new goals Sam set for the repair shop over the past week. Employees may not be able to keep up with the workload. To ensure the goals are met, Sam must devise a way to measure the productivity and performance of his employees. This measurement is compared with the goals he set above, or the preset standards. Once he evaluates the information, Sam can provide feedback to each employee. This will help them make Improvements to their work. This is an employee performance appraisal. Sam developed the standards for what he would Like to accomplish in the above step. Now, he needs to develop a way of determining whether the goals are being met. 1 OFF yester and an employee evaluation system. Sam is working on the second step, measuring actual performance. Sam will present the new pricing guide to employees. He explains his plan for raising much-needed revenue to each employee so the employee understands the reason for the price increase. It is important to include employees in setting goals. If Cam’s employees understand the reason for the price increase, they will be more likely to buy-in to the goal. Sam also introduces the customer satisfaction survey to his customers. Each customer will fill out a survey where they will rate their experience based on many factors like: Timeliness of pairs Quality of work Price Friendliness of mechanics Ease of payment Sam also has to develop a way to measure how many cars are being repaired by each mechanic on a weekly basis to be sure that the amount of repairs done weekly, monthly and in a year add up to the desired goal of increasing revenue by $100,000 set forth above. He introduces the mechanics to a repair quota system. Each mechanic must fix ten engines, patch five tires and replace 15 windshield wipers each week. That means that each mechanic must bring in about $280. 00 in revenue each week to reach the goal. Once broken down for the mechanics, the goal is legalistic and attainable. The toughest challenge for Sam will be to introduce the employee appraisal system. He uses a system that involves the employee setting goals for themselves and Sam setting goals for the employees. After chatting with each employee, Sam is able to determine the criteria for acceptable performance. He will include the sales quota system from above, dependability, reliability, motivation and absenteeism in the appraisal. He will sit down with each employee to explain the process. If employees have input in setting goals for themselves, they are much more likely to achieve the goals. Perhaps the salespeople are not making as many client calls as they did last year. How to cite Management process, Essays Management Process Free Essays Management process is very essential to the execution of any activities. From the different analysis of different problems and other vital factors regarding any upcoming activity came up different process and ways to solve such problems. Management process is one way to solve such problems in an easier way. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Management process is known to be a method of planning and controlling the performance and execution of any activity of different kinds. Several points are to be considered if we want to look upon management process in different angles. Some views says that management process is in a way to be considered as an art while others say that management process is to be considered as a science or at the same time management process can also be considered to be both an art and a science. In a way, regarding healthcare management, that management process should be considered as an art is because any healthcare management should possess its own unique attribute. Possessing your own unique attribute is essential to any healthcare management because from these unique attributes you will be able to establish your own identity as a service giving body. As a service giving body, your output is intangible and in a form of different experiences and not in a form of any products and goods (Brown). These intangible experiences may vary from different ways of the performance of the healthcare organization. Thus, a healthcare management should have different approach on giving their service to the people. To be able to do such criteria, you must look at healthcare management as an art and have your own way of stylistic performance which should demonstrate value to its customers (Kaluzny). On the other hand, a healthcare management can be considered as a science in nature. Healthcare management is viewed as a science due to the changing phase and needs of its beneficiaries. If the healthcare management won’t adjust to the lifestyle and cost of living of the customers then success rate regarding healthcare management will soon decrease. To be able for any healthcare management to be successful in such aspects them they should be able to comply with their customers’ needs. Having the capability to adjust for a certain change of the situation is a must have for healthcare management organizations. Different innovations and technologies were being used by these healthcare managements in order to comply with the needed adjustment regarding the needs of their customers. On the other hand, they foresee these possible situations and came up with an urgent yet effective solution and alternative for such unexpected measures. Healthcare management is considered both as an art and a science for a better performance. Being able to adjust to the changing needs and unstable conditions of their customer using their own unique style of delivering their service to their customers is a better way of dealing with people and customers rather than just being able to meet the needs of their customers without bringing them to mind what healthcare did they belong. As a healthcare management, the greatest benefit you will be able to get is the satisfaction and contentment of your customers regarding the service you have given them. This will soon make the customers realize that your healthcare management is a great service giving body and will not make them to think twice to return under your care once they need it again. A science of healthcare management delivered with the art of concern is a great cure to any sickness anyone could have (Lofton). Being able to know what they really need and being able to give it to them in a kindly manner is what most people need and with the combined view of healthcare management as an art and as a science it could be hard yet not impossible (Lofton). References: Brown, M. HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT: Strategy, Structure Process: ASPEN PUBLICATIONS Kaluzny, S.M.S.A.D. ESSENTAILS OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT: DELMAR PUBLISHERS Lofton, K. (20 How to cite Management Process, Essay examples

The Coal War, by upton sinclair Essay Example For Students

The Coal War, by upton sinclair Essay THE COAL WARBook 1, The Social ChasmBy: Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair wrote The Coal War in 1976 being published by Colorado Associated University Press. Book One; The Social Chasm, contained 69 pages while the entirety of The Coal War had 399 pages with two other Books. The Social Chasm was easy to follow and had an intriguing beginning. The Coal War portrays many situations common to the people of the coal fields and those making an effort to improve its conditions. This sequential story takes place in Western City and Harrigan College, where Hal attends. Through Hal, the main character of Upton Sinclairs story, Sinclair reveals his optimism as Hals determination to fight the coal and mine laborers. The idea of Hal working alone to see that the fields and mines improve shows a general optimistic view. The Social Chasm tells of the hole that has been dug between the social classes. Hal, a wealthy man that has come from a prosperous and classy family, has heard of the cruelty and chaos that has been taking place at the coal camps in North Valley. Hearing stories of corruption, beatings, and even murders, Hal is convinced that the laborers treatment be acknowledged and somehow improved. All of Hals family and friends and even his fiance, Jessie Arthur, think his troubles and efforts are nothing more than stirring up co ntroversy and disorder. Hals first plan to expose the North Valley mistreatment was to use a poor boy that had lived in the coal camps and knew of its harm and neglect, named Little Jerry. His father, Jerry, had been beaten by guards who had found out he was a union leader, and was left to die. He recovered eventually, but incidents such as these were common in the camps and Hal was going to make sure that Little Jerry told everyone who could stop such treatment, particularly those attending the Arthur party. The boy, however, just aroused sympathy and compassion from the higher classed people. He was just an unfortunate boy whom Santa Clause had not visited, and so the classy people filled his stomach with food, his hands with toys, and his eyes with glorious sites as he was given a tour of the Arthur estate. Now, having the actual crimes exposed, Hal wished to see the number of people who wanted to help him in his efforts to improve the camps and fields increase. Like in the begin ning, Hal again was alone. With many attempts to persuade the powers to eliminate maltreatment, Hal stimulated many conflicts and initiated unwanted controversies. Throughout this story Hal wishes to become a hero and help the barbaric soiled men and their families from the wrath of the coal mines. He, however, fails to realize that he is from another class, one of education and wealth, a class whom cannot be trusted according to the lower proletarians. This 1900s era has created a deep hole between these two classes, which disables their merging. As Hal continues in his adventures and missions of goodness, he jeopardizes his possible marriage into the honorable and prestigious family of the Arthurs, defames not only his familys name but also the name of his fiance, and most of all, risks the health of his vulnerable father. Sinclair clearly shows themes of good versus evil and portrays good as being successful. In the conclusion of his story, Hal comes to a vivid realization of tru th, honor, and respect. Hal in his earlier days, thought that he must help those miners and laborers in need of help simply because they were less fortunate than he was and could not help themselves. With risks of his own, battles of his own, and emotional wounds of his own, Hal realizes that he is not helping the mistreated miners and laborers out of pity, but because it is his duty and honor to reciprocate the miners actions. Concluding his story, Sinclair writes, So Hal was going back to the coal country to pay for his privileges- his health, his freedom, his culture; he was going to pay the only price that would satisfy the god within him. That health and freedom and culture had been made from the labor of other people; they belonged to other people and there was only one honest use a man could make of them- devoting them to putting an end to the system of parasitism and leader the worlds wage slaves into the future of brotherhood and co-operation. Hals goodness prevails over t he evils of socialism, social classes, and society. .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 , .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 .postImageUrl , .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 , .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29:hover , .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29:visited , .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29:active { border:0!important; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29:active , .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29 .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u75057f84a11de3cc6291d700b7c4ee29:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anorexia Nervosa Essay Introduction

FEMA Programs

FEMA’s (Federal Emergency Management Agency) â€Å"role in preparedness is to improve the citizens’ ability to respond to, prepare for, recover from, and prevent disasters† (Department of Homeland Security 1). According to the organization’s website, its vision is â€Å"A Nation Prepared†. The role of FEMA is to coordinate the federal government’s involvement in disaster preparedness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on FEMA Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, FEMA steps in when local and state authorities do not have the capacity to handle a certain disaster. FEMA’s main strength is that the agency is the most well-equipped disaster preparedness agency in the country. Therefore, the agency has the ability to marshal the necessary resources in times of disaster. FEMA’s preparedness programs are also effective because the agency operates indep endently as a branch of Homeland Security. Some of the preparedness programs that FEMA is currently undertaking involve readiness against man-made and natural disasters. One of FEMA’s weaknesses is that it lacks the capacity to be fully prepared against mega disasters and emergencies. This weakness prompted FEMA’s change of status from a fully independent body to an affiliate of the Department of Homeland Security. FEMA’s lack of preparedness was highlighted after the agency was overwhelmed in its response to the Hurricane-Katrina disaster. Another area of weakness for FEMA is the agency’s systemic shortfalls that inhibit the scope of its preparedness programs. These systemic incapacities include FEMA’s affiliation to the Department of Homeland Security, its regional presence across the country, and its grant allocation modalities. The opportunities that can eliminate these weaknesses include Congress legislations and a redefinition of FEMA’ s institution. Legislations have the ability to improve FEMA’s preparedness programs. The National Response Framework (NRF) is a representation of â€Å"the guiding principles that enable all response partners to prepare for and provide a unified national response to disasters and emergencies – from the smallest incident to the largest catastrophe† (Nicholson 79). The NRF is a recognized set of guidelines that defines how all citizens should respond to a disaster as a nation. The NRF came about as an initiative of the Department of Homeland Security and its aim was to unify the country’s domestic preparedness and response. NRF utilizes the nation’s NIMS (National Incident Management System) and ICS (Incident Command System) to implement disaster response in any administrative level and at any given time.Advertising Looking for essay on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More NRF op erates under five distinct principles including tiered response, engaged partnership, scalable operations, readiness to act, and united effort. These principles tend to enhance the partnership between NRF and local communities. Communities across the country utilize the NRF by aligning their activities with those of the government. Consequently, communities will align their response programs, resources, and support mechanisms with government-led initiatives. The NRF is quite effective when delivering its services. The NRF has managed to bestow citizens with an active role in disaster preparedness. The partnership between communities and the NRF is indiscriminate in nature. Furthermore, the NRF is a representation of the citizens’ need to take charge in preparedness matters (Waugh and Streib 138). Previously, the responsibility of preparedness was solely bestowed upon the government and other units of administration. However, due to the NRF citizens are now actively involved i n disaster response programs. For example, American citizens have been actively involved in several hurricane-disaster responses over the last decade. Most natural and man-made disasters can be traced back to poor management of the environment and global warming. Forestry management has been known to limit the extent of disasters both directly and indirectly. For instance, the impact of the 2004 Tsunami disaster was largely reduced by mangrove forests and other coastal tree plantations that slowed down the tidal waves. Forestry management has a significant impact on the context of forest fire disasters. Forest fire disasters can be significantly reduced by good forestry management practices. Good forestry management practices include a protection of the undergrowth, use of segments that can institute control burn strategies, adequate firefighting resources, use of forest-fuel modification systems, and installment of quick forest fire detectors. Communities that are afflicted by natu ral disasters such as Tsunamis, floods, and forest fires should take good forestry-management initiatives. Controlled burn is a strategy that is used to reduce the impact of fire disasters (Dale 730). Control burns are intentional man-made fires that are meant to reduce fuel for disastrous fires.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on FEMA Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The advantages of the control burn strategy include its effective and inexpensive nature. However, controlled fires are disadvantageous because they are not always controllable and they can still end up being disastrous. Furthermore, control burn strategy is not environment-friendly. Works Cited Dale, Virginia. â€Å"Climate Change and Forest Disturbances.† BioScience 51.9 (2009): 723-734. Print. Department of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 01 Jun. 2014. Web. https://www.fema.gov/. Nicholson, William. Emergency response and emergency management law: Cases  and materials, New York, NY: Thomas, 2003. Print. Waugh, William L., and Gregory Streib. â€Å"Collaboration and leadership for effective emergency management.† Public Administration Review 66.1 (2006): 131-140. Print. This essay on FEMA Programs was written and submitted by user Selah Vang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Marks and Spencer Group Plc The WritePass Journal

Marks and Spencer Group Plc Introduction Marks and Spencer Group Plc IntroductionGenderManagementOrganisational CultureConclusions and RecommendationsReferencesRelated Introduction The objective of this paper is to provide an analysis of how three important organisational theories are applied in practice at Marks and Spencer Group Plc, herein referred to as â€Å"Marks and Spencer†. The organisation is U.K giant retailer of clothing, apparel and food items. Its shares are traded on major stock exchanges across the world and it is a member of the FTSE 100 Index. The paper looks at specifically how gender, organisational control theory and management theory are applied in practice at Marks and Spencer. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: section 2 provides a discussion of gender theory and how it is applied at Marks and Spencer; section 3 looks at Management and its application at Marks and Spencer; section 4 looks at Organisational culture and its application at Marks and Spencer; and section 5 provides conclusions and recommendations. Gender In the earlier years, the work force of many organisations was dominated by men. However, recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the labour force participation rate of women (Campo et al., 2004). Wagener et al. (1997) observes that the labour force participation rate of women has increased by 173 per cent since 1950. Despite the increase in the number of women in the labour force, evidence suggests that differences continue to exist between the experiences encountered by men and women at work (Reskin and Padavic, 1994; Valian, 1998). Many organisations are said to be characterised by gender inequality where women and men are treated differently. The main forms of gender inequality at work include differences in the types of jobs occupied by men and women, differences in pay between men and women and differences in leadership roles between men and women (Campo et al., 2004). The foregoing suggests that many organisations continue to practice gender segregation, which is defined as â€Å"the process whereby men and women work in different types of jobs and further that hobs where women predominate tend to be devalued† (Campo et al., 2004: 586). Most often women tend to have different experiences with respect to pay, promotion and decision making even in situations where women and men have the same job title (Messing et al., 1994). Women with the same education, job training and experience are offered less pay (Valian, 1998). In addition, most leadership positions are occupied by men (Wright, 1997). Catalyst (1998) provides evidence that 90 per cent of executive positions in top 500 firms are occupied by men. Despite the increase in the participation rate of women in the work force, most of the benefits associated with working accrue to men with a very limited amount of benefits accruing to women. Theory seems to suggest that women and men are treated differently in organisations. This paper provides an evaluation of gender inequalities at Marks and Spencer. At Marks and Spencer, job recruitment policies are the same for both males and females. There is no gender segregation with regards to who is qualified to apply for a job. In addition, Marks and Spencer does not segregate with respect to pay rates between males and females. All workers are treated the same when it comes to pay regardless of whether they are male or female.   Consequently, the gender segregation theory proposed above appears not to be applicable at Marks and Spencer at least with respect to recruitment, training, selection, induction and pay. There however, seems to be some level of segregation when it comes to leadership roles. At Marks and Spencer, most executive positions are occupied by Men with very limited number of executive positions occupied by women. Secondly, the board of directors is dominated by men. This suggests that while Marks and Spencer does not segregate with respect to lower level roles, there is some level of gender segregation when it comes to high level positions such as being a CEO and chairman of the board of directors. Management Management is employed in organisations as a means of bringing people together and ensuring that they work to accomplish the objectives of the organisation through an effective and efficient utilisation of the organisational resources. Management has a number of functions which include: planning, organising, leading, staffing, controlling and directing. In order to effectively carry out these functions, most organisations have three principal levels of management. These include top level managers, middle-level managers; and lower level managers (Juneja et al., 2011). Top level managers are made up of the board of directors (BoD), the Board chairman, the vice chairman and the CEO. Top-level managers are responsible for determining the goals and objectives of the organisation as well as designing and appropriate strategy to achieve those goals and objectives. Top level managers also design company policies, as well as make decisions with regards to the direction of the business. Top level managers are also responsible for securing access to funds necessary for executing the strategic plans of the organisation (Juneja et al., 2011). Top level managers report to shareholders and are also accountable to the general public. Top level managers must have a detailed comprehension of the impact of competition, global economies, politics and sociological changes on the organisation’s effectiveness (Kleiman, 2010). Knowledge of these issues enables them to adapt the strategy of the organisation to changes occurring within and outside the environment. Middle level managers are usually regarded as general managers, branch managers and heads of departments. Middle level managers are responsible for making tactical decisions. They are the ones who execute the strategies set by top level managers. They are also responsible for transmitting information from top level managers to lower level managers so as to ensure that they are working towards the common goals of the organisation. Middle level managers report to top-level managers. Lower (first) level managers are responsible for operational decisions. They are made up of supervisors, team leaders and foremen. Members of this level of management are primarily concerned with controlling and directing other employees. Their main responsibilities include the assignment of tasks to employees, guidance and supervision of employees, ensure that quality and quantity of production is achieved, recommend and suggest changes with regards to employees and production to middle level managers for subsequent transmission to top-level managers. Marks and Spencer has all three levels of management. The company has a board of directors made up of executive and non-executive directors. The non-executive arm of the board is headed by the chairman who is also the chairman of the entire board. The CEO who is also a member of the board is in charge of the executive directors. The Board of Directors of Marks and Spencer are responsible for setting the strategic plans and monitoring and devising strategies to manage risks. Marks and Spencer operates a number of divisions such as clothing, food, and apparel. Each division is headed by a middle level manager. In addition, Marks and Spencer operates across different regions. These different regions are headed by branch or regional managers who can be regarded as middle level managers. These managers are responsible for making tactical decisions. Marks and Spencer also has first or lower level managers who usually operate as store managers. They are responsible for supervising and direc ting employees on a day-to-day basis. These managers report to the divisional and regional managers who in turn report to the top level managers. It can be observed that management at Marks and Spencer is consistent with the description of the different levels of management discussed earlier. Organisational Culture Organisational culture has been defined in a variety of ways. One of the most commonly cited definitions is found in Baumgartner and Zielowski (2007: 1323) who describes organisational culture as a concept that is â€Å"holistic, historically influenced, related to anthropological concepts, socially constructed, soft, and relatively stable†. A more comprehensive definition is found in Johnson et al. (2008: 189) who state that organisational culture is â€Å"the basic assumptions and beliefs shared by members of the an organisation, that operate unconsciously and define in a basic taken-for-granted fashion an organisation’s view of itself and its environment†. Lundberg (1990: 20) suggests that organisational culture can be regarded as what an organisation teaches and reinforces to its members as proper ways of perceiving, thinking, feeling and acting when carrying out organisational tasks as well as when faced with crises in the organisation. Organisational cultur e is a direct result of the internal and external environment in which the organisation operates (Baumgartner and Zielowski, 2007). An organisation’s emerging patterns of success are important foundations for its culture. Emerging patterns of success can be regarded as those actions and processes that have enabled the organisation to be successful (Baumgartner and Zielowski, 2007). Organisational culture is critical for the design and implementation of corporate and business level strategies. Organisation culture shapes the procedures of the organisation (Yilmaz and Ergun, 2008). Organisational culture enables an organisation to group its core competencies into a single group of competencies thereby enabling the organisation to better serve its customers (Yilmaz and Ergun, 2008). Strategy formulation and design depend on organisation culture in that factors such as creativity, innovation and organisational structure depend in part on the culture of the organisation (Judge et al., 1997; Martins and Terblanche, 2003). Any organisation that wants to remain competitive must be creative and innovative. These two components must be incorporated into the corporate strategy of the organisation. The organisational culture has a critical role to play in determining whether the organisation will be creative and innovative. In other words an organisational culture that promotes creativity and innovation is required if the organisation is to remain competitive. However, a culture that discourages creativity and innovation will result to poor performance (Martins and Terblanche, 2003). An organisation that wants to succeed must therefore adopt an organisational culture that encourages employees to be creative and innovative rather than a culture that discourages them from being creative and innovative. Organisational culture also impacts on strategy formulation in that it promotes internal integration and coordination. Internal coordination encourages new employees to socialise with existing employees. It also creates the boundaries of the organisations and a feeling of identity among members of the organisation (Martins and Terblanche, 2003). In order to successfully formulate and implement strategies, the organisation must conduct a cultural audit. This enables the organisation to understand its culture and thus assess its impact on the future strategy of the organisation. By so doing, the organisation can decide whether to change or continue with its existing culture (Johnson et al., 2008). An understanding of organisational culture also facilitates the ability of the organisation to successfully manage strategic change. The organisational culture of Marks and Spencer has the following characteristics: Paradigm: Marks and Spencer states that it is the best, sets the best standards, knows bests, occupies the middle ground, synonymous with high quality, and respects its customers. Power: the organisation is very powerful with deference to a male dominated top management. Organisation: the organisation is a mechanistic, bureaucratic, top-down and hierarchical organisation. control: top-down control in detail both of the stores and of suppliers; insistence on conformity. Rituals and Routines: There are a number of rituals and routines where every employee knows his or her place, the store layout and the atmosphere is like a familiar to everybody. Story: the company has build a legacy which can based on its history. For example Simon Marks. These legacy has enabled it to gain power over suppliers. Moreover, top management have authority over lower level staff. Symbols: Marks and Spencer has a number of brands (e.g., the St Michael Brand) which and symbolic to it. In addition Simon Marks and CEOs appear as father figures. Finally, all its stores are identical in appearance. It can be observed from above that Marks and Spencer has a traditional and formal way of doing things as reflected in its organisation culture. The organisation is characterised by a huge amount of self-confidence. The system is an internalised one where everybody knows his/her place and role in the organisation. The advantage with this type of organisational culture is that in times of success, the organisation will continue to deliver high quality products to customers as well as success to employees, shareholders, and other stakeholders. However, by maintaining such a traditional and formal way of doing things, the organisation runs the risk of not being able to respond to changes in the environment which may be required to turn things around during a downturn. Moreover, in addition to making it difficult to respond to changes in the environment, such a culture may prevent the firm from seeing an emerging change in the environment thereby making it impossible to respond to the cha nge. Conclusions and Recommendations The objective of this paper was to understand how Marks and Spencer deals with gender, management and organisational culture. With regards to gender, much of the theory suggests that there are more women in employment today and argue that organisations continue to practice gender segregation where women and men tend to have different experiences at work. However, a review of the practices of Marks and Spencer suggest that Marks and Spencer provides equal opportunities for both male and female employees. The only area which seems to comply with theory is the fact that Marks and Spencer’s top level managers are predominantly male which goes to show that Marks and Spencer practices some form of gender segregation when it comes to organisational leadership. As regards management, Marks and Spencer has three levels of management as suggested by theory. Top level managers are responsible for strategic decisions; middle level managers are responsible for tactical decision while lower level managers are responsible for operational decisions. With regards to culture, Marks and Spencer has a very rigid organisational culture which derives mainly from its history. The culture has enabled Marks and Spencer to be successful. However, given the rigid nature of the culture, the organisation may find it difficult to manage an imminent change if things start to go wrong. In order to reduce its gender bias especially with regards to leadership, the organisation needs to relax rules that govern selection of members of the board as well as other top level positions so as to make it easier for women to occupy these positions. With regards to its culture, the organisation needs to make things a little flexible so as to make it possible for the organisation to respond quickly to changes within its environment. References Baumgartner, R. J., Zielowski, C. (2007), â€Å"Analyzing zero emission strategies regarding impact on organizational culture and contribution to sustainable development†, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 15, pp. 1321-1327. Campo, P. O., Eaton, W. W., Muntaner, C. (2004) Labor market experience, work organization, gender inequalities and health status: results from a prospective analysis of US employed women  Ã‚   Social Science Medicine, vol. 58, Issue 3, Pages 585-594 Catalyst (1998). The 1998 Catalyst Census of Women Board Directors of the Fortune 500: Fact Sheet. Catalyst, 120 Wall Street, New York, USA. Johnson, J., Scholes, K., Whittington, R. (2008), Exploring Corporate Strategy, Texts and Cases†, 8th Edition, Prentice Hall, Financial Times. Judge, W. Q., Fryxell, G.E. Dooley, R. S. (1997), â€Å"The new task of RD Management: Creating goal-directed communities for innovation†, California Management Review, vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 72-85. Juneja, H. J. , First, H., and Prachi J.. (2011) Management. Management Study Guide. WebCraft Pvt Ltd, Kleiman, L. S. (2010) MANAGEMENT AND EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT Encyclopedia of Business Martins, E. C., Terblanche, F. (2003), â€Å"Building Organisational Culture that stimulates Creativity and Innovation†, European Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 64-74. Messing, K., Dumais, L., Courville, J., Seifert, A. M., Boucher, M. (1994). Evaluation of exposure data from men and women with the same job title. Occupational and Enviornmental Medicine, 36(8), 913–917. Reskin, B., Padavic, I. (1994). Women and men and work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. Valian, V. (1998). Why so slow? The advancement of women. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wagener, D., Walstedt, J., Jenkins, L., Burnett, C., Lalich, N., Fingerhut, M. (1997) Women, work and health. Vital, Health Statistics, 3(31). Wright, E. O. (1997). Class counts, comparative studies in class analysis. Cambridge: University Press. Yilmaz, C., Ergun, E. (2008), â€Å"Organizational culture and firm effectiveness: An examination of relative effects of culture traits and the balanced culture hypothesis in an emerging economy†, Journal of World Business, vol.   43, pp. 290–306